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Electrochemical sensors have become a pivotal tool in ensuring the safety and security of the global food supply chain, which is crucial for public health, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. Modern food systems, with their complex global distribution and varied processing methods, require advanced solutions for detecting contaminants and maintaining food quality. This review delves into recent advancements in electrochemical food sensor technology, highlighting their operating principles, types, cutting-edge materials, and methods enhancing their effectiveness. These sensors are adept at identifying a broad range of foodborne pathogens, chemical contaminants, and adulterants while monitoring food freshness and quality. Innovations include using nanomaterials and conductive polymers and shifting towards miniaturized, portable devices for on-site and real-time analysis. The review also addresses challenges such as sensitivity, selectivity, and matrix effects, pointing out emerging trends and future research avenues to overcome these hurdles. Regulatory and standardization issues relevant to adopting these technologies in food safety protocols are also considered. Highlighting the last three years, this review emphasizes the indispensable role of electrochemical sensors in boosting food safety and security and the need for ongoing innovation and cross-disciplinary cooperation to advance this area. 

Abstract The purpose of this computational study was to investigate the effects of neonate-focused clinical delivery maneuvers on brachial plexus (BP) during shoulder dystocia. During shoulder dystocia, the anterior shoulder of the neonate is obstructed behind the symphysis pubis of the maternal pelvis, postdelivery of the neonate's head. This is managed by a series of clinical delivery maneuvers. The goal of this study was to simulate these delivery maneuvers and study their effects on neonatal BP strain. Using madymo models of a maternal pelvis and a 90th-percentile neonate, various delivery maneuvers and positions were simulated including the lithotomy position alone of the maternal pelvis, delivery with the application of various suprapubic pressures (SPPs), neonate in an oblique position, and during posterior arm delivery maneuver. The resulting BP strain (%) along with the required maternal delivery force was reported in these independently simulated scenarios. The lithotomy position alone served as the baseline. Each of the successive maneuvers reported a decrease in the required delivery force and resulting neonatal BP strain. As the applied SPP force increased (three scenarios simulated), the required maternal delivery force and neonatal BP strain decreased. A further decrease in both delivery force and neonatal BP strain was observed in the oblique position, with the lowest delivery force and neonatal BP strain reported during the posterior arm delivery maneuver. Data obtained from the improved computational models in this study enhance our understanding of the effects of clinical maneuvers on neonatal BP strain during complicated birthing scenarios such as shoulder dystocia.